The results demonstrated that the levels

The results demonstrated that the levels of IL-6 in mouse serum increased significantly in all experimental groups compared with the control group (P<0.01) and the increasing degrees of IL-6 at 0.5h after bacteria injection in the E. coli group (385.6±80.32pg/mL) and the K. pneumoniae group (433.3±76.22pg/mL) were significantly higher than those in the S. aureus group (95.38±12.36pg/mL) and E. faecalis group (35.39±8.69pg/mL). At 3h after bacterial injection, the increasing degrees of IL-6 in the E. coli group (57,345±5556pg/mL) and the K. pneumoniae (50,953±5846pg/mL) group were significantly higher than those in the S. aureus group (863.82±105.12pg/mL) and E. faecalis group (9079±1051pg/mL) (P<0.01). These results indicate that the processes of immune response may be different after the infection with G+ bacteria and G− bacteria, and the types and contents of cytokines and chemokines may be different accordingly. The increasing degrees of IL-6 in samples infected with G− bacteria such as E. coli and the K. pneumoniae are significantly higher than samples infected with G+ bacteria such as S. aureus and E. faecalis. This result is similar to the results of Duan’s research. IL-10 is a type of multifunctional negative regulator generated by Th2 your list and activated B cells, etc., It is involved in the biological regulation of inflammatory cells and tumor cells, and plays an important role in many diseases such as infectious diseases, tumor and transplantation immunity. It can be seen from the results that the levels of IL-10 in mouse serum increased significantly in all experimental groups compared with the control group, and both the increase degrees and speeds of IL-10 in the E. coli group and the K. pneumoniae group were significantly higher than those in the S. aureus group and E. faecalis group. It may indicate that the IL-10 content increase in suspected BSI patients and it may be positive correlated with the possibility of G-bacterial infection. The results are consistent with the study of Xie, etc. In conclusion, cytokines and chemokines are promising biomarkers in early auxiliary diagnosis and differential diagnosis for BSI. The present findings show that the increase degrees and rates of IL-6 and IL-10 in the E. coli group and the K. pneumoniae group were significantly higher than those in the S. aureus group and E. faecalis group, which indicates that the content changes of IL-6 and IL-10 could be combined to distinguish gram negative BSI from gram positive BSI. Thus, growth rings differential diagnosis at early stage for BSI could not only provide a basis for accurate medications and precise therapies but also reduce the economic burdens of patients in clinical practice. In further study, more mouse models infected with different clinical common bacteria would be established in order to find out the specific biomarkers which can be used in early diagnosis and differential diagnosis for different kinds of bacterial infections. In addition, level changes of different kinds of cytokines and chemokines in these models could be figured out.
Introduction Gastric cancer (GC) is the most common gastrointestinal malignancy, and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with particularly high incidence in East Asia. To date, despite the effective treatments for patients have been obtained, including gastric endoscopy, systemic chemotherapy and targeted drugs, surgical resection, the prognosis of GC remains still poor and the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate is lower than 30%, because the patients were diagnosed at advanced stages. Unfortunately, there are often no specific symptoms in the early stages of GC, and curative surgery is usually no longer an option at the time of diagnosis. Moreover, treatment strategies are limited due to the lack of knowledge of the genetic and molecular bases of gastric carcinogenesis. GC is a multi-factor, multi-step and complex process, which was related to numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations. In GC researches, several genetic and molecular biomarkers have been used, including non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Thus, to identify sensitive, specific and noninvasive biomarkers for prognosis of patients with GC is urgently needed.